Annex. 2 Graphics

Graph 1: Bullish and heteroscedastic trend
A graph showing an uptrend and heteroscedastic.

Own elaboration: By using RStudio with the IBEX historical database, obtained from https://finance.yahoo.com/, in the period between 01-1995 to 01-1997.

Graph 2: Bearish and heteroscedastic trend
A graph showing a heteroscedastic downtrend.

Own elaboration: Through the use of RStudio with the IBEX historical database, obtained from https://finance.yahoo.com/, in the period between 01-2000 to 01-2003.

Graph 3: No trend, homoscedastic and stationary
A graph showing a heteroscedastic downtrend.

Own elaboration: By using RStudio with the IBEX historical database obtained from https://finance.yahoo.com/, in the period from 01-2000 to 01-2003, using the returns calculated from the closing price.

Graph 4: Decomposition: seasonality and error
A graph showing the seasonality and error components.

Own elaboration: By using RStudio with the IBEX historical database obtained from https://finance.yahoo.com/, decomposing the time series made up of the observations that cover the period from 01-2000 to 01-2023.

Graph 5: Correlogram
Autocorrelation and partial correlation correlograms.

Own elaboration: By using RStudio.

Graph 6: Constant trend in the adjusted closing prices of the company “Nueva Expresión Textil S.A”
A graph that shows the inconsistency in the registration of the adjusted closing price of the series corresponding to the company NUEVA EXPRESION TEXTIL, S.A., when observing that there is no variation of the adjusted closing price in the period corresponding to 06-2009 to 04-2014.

Own elaboration: Based on the data obtained from (n.d.) corresponding to the company “Nueva Expresión Textil S.A” in the period from January 31, 2000 to February 28, 2023.

Graph 7: Sudden price changes that reflect an erroneous calculation of adjusted closing prices, “BANKINTER,S.A.”
A chart showing sharp changes in adjusted closing prices relative to the rest of the values in the series, which may indicate a miscalculation of values over a period of time.

Own elaboration: Based on the data obtained from (n.d.) corresponding to the company “Nueva Expresión Textil S.A” in the period from January 31, 2000 to February 28, 2023.

Graph 8: Evolution of indicators – Entries with one observation

Own elaboration: Through the use of R and Rstudio.

Graph 9: Evolution of the indicators – Entries with two observations

Own elaboration: Through the use of R and Rstudio.

Graph 10: Evolution of the indicators – Entries with three observations

Own elaboration: Through the use of R and Rstudio.

Graph 11: Evolution of portfolios and the IBEX – Entries with one observation

Own elaboration: Through the use of R and Rstudio.

Graph 12: Evolution of the portfolios and the IBEX – Entries with two observations

Own elaboration: Through the use of R and Rstudio.

Graph 13: Evolution of the portfolios and the IBEX – Entries with three observations

Own elaboration: Through the use of R and Rstudio.